Cardiac alternans

Cardiac alternans is classified as follows:
 * Mechanical alternans (pulsus alternans)
 * Due to alternans of hemodynamic variables
 * Due to alternans of contractile state
 * Interrelation between mechanical and action potential alternans


 * Electrical alternans
 * Alternans of action potential shape and duration
 * Electrocardiographic manifestation
 * Alternans of repolarization and refractoriness
 * Alternans of conduction


 * In association with myocardial ischemia
 * In association with cardiac motion